Giovanni Angelo Braschi

Henry Benedict Stuart

-elected with little French influence due to War of the French Revolution (1792-1804)

-the Jacobite claimant for the British crown under the Heads of British Isles > Stuart Line

-and the British support this to permanently kill off the Jacobite movement

Giulio Maria della Somaglia

-due to Second French War (1821-32) conclave held in Palerno, Sicily

Emmanuele de Gregorio

-returned to Rome under Austrian boots

Luigi Lambruschini

-faced with French Wars > Third French War (1847-54)

-fall of Rome

-forced to flee to Toledo

-convenes Council of Toledo to approve of papal infallibility in 1855

-Toledo being place with archdiocese

-incites pretty large schism of Independent Catholic churches

Filippo de Angelis

-Habsburgs fail to exercise their veto

-results in hardliner pope

-attempts to reconcile with Independent Catholic movements failed

-and so instead Pius heavily condemns and goes after them which helps to make the schism bigger

Antolín Monescillo y Viso

-a Spanish pope for the first time

-who had previously served as Cardinal of Toledo

-faced with formation of Heads of Spain > Presidents of the Spanish Republic which is very anticlerical

-and as a result flees to Papal State > Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, of Malta, and of Minorca where protected by British fleet

-elected in conclave held in Minorca

-and despite attempts to move elsewhere entreaties are firmly refused

-results in strange situation where Catholic Church's holding of land is because of lack of any better place for it to go

-comes to terms with papacy now being in Minorca

-successfully gains a lot of money internationally from it being in such a small city

-also, signs concordat with Italian government where he normalizes relations with them

-issues call for a third way between capitalism and associationism

-to prevent monopoly in any way it might exist

-first pope from the Americas

-Equador